Jutland Reserve plan 12_01_23_converted

Ngā take

Ngāti Paoa

Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei

Restoring Takarunga Hauraki

Studio North

2 Ngā take
4 Iwi and community context
5 Ecological overview
6 Current ecosystem types_Map
7 Potential ecosystem types_Map
8 Restoration goals
9 Restoration management areas
10 Jutland Reserve restoration management areas_Map
11 Restoration management areas continued
14 Restoration methodology
17 Planting provision
21 Weed management
23 Environmental weed species
26 Environmental monitoring
27 Maramataka
30 Animal management
36 Appendix 1: Ecosystem types
39 Appendix 2: Significant ecological areas
40 Appendix 3: Site assessment template
41 References

IWI & COMMUNITY CONTEXT

We acknowledge Ngāti Paoa and Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei as mana whenua. While this restoration plan is open forever to be informed and shaped by Ngāti Paoa and Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei, at the time of writing this was not possible due to the capacity of mana whenua. We acknowledge cultural landscape history of Jutland Reserve and neighbouring areas, and follow the practises aligned with the values applied by Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei elsewhere across Tāmaki Makaurau. This restoration plan does not serve to displace their voice in the management of Jutland Reserve at any time. We acknowledge the practical support of Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei to carry out pest control across the peninsular.

Community have been working in this reserve since 2016 inititated by a group of local Girl Guides under the leadership of Stephanie and Sue Claridge. Following initial work, Restoring Takarunga Hauraki (RTH) was formed and carried on restoration of the reserve. RTH are a community-led ecological restoration and outdoor learning programme for Takarunga Hauraki (Devonport Peninsula). RTH work to enhance the unique biodiversity and ecosystems by eradicating animal and plant pests, restoring native plant species, championing our trees and organising conservation and eco-literacy education initiatives.

Jutland Restoration Project, 2016

ECOLOGICAL OVERVIEW

Jutland Reserve is located in Hauraki, on Te Hau Kapua/ Devonport Peninsula in Tāmaki Makaurau, and is part of the Oneoneroa and Ngātaringa Bay area, recognized for its significant ecological value by Auckland Council and the Department of Conservation.

The area not only showcases some important terrestrial biodiversity such as coastal pōhutukawa-pūriri-broadleaf forest but also intertidal habitats such as mānawa forest, salt marsh and shell banks. Coastal and estuarine ecosystems are highly valuable environments that offer critical benefits and ecosystem services, and contain key habitats for native flora and fauna that are worth protecting and preserving for the future.

Beyond significant ecological services, the Jutland Reserve holds important cultural, social, recreational and aesthetic values to local residents past and present. Restoration of the reserve offers an opportunity to enhance these values, and to positively influence biodiversity and community.

A holistic approach to restoration recognizes that landscape elements cannot be viewed or managed in isolation. Ecosystems are functionally interdependent with the surrounding landscape and maintaining connectivity is crucial to ensure healthy and efficient functioning of ecosystems.

Initiatives such as Auckland’s Urban Ngahere Strategy recognize the need to improve linkages between green spaces by establishing ecological corridors in the Tāmaki Makaurau region. Jutland Reserve is part of an important ecological stepping stone that helps to connect Hauraki Gulf islands, peninsulas and open sanctuaries on the Tāmaki Makaurau North/East coast.

Scale @ A3 1: 8,000Refer to Ecosystem Types p. 27-29

WF4

Pōhutukawa, pūriri, broadleaved forest (coastal broadleaf) is currently an endangered ecosystem type. Species predominant in this forest type include: Pōhutukawa, Pūriri, Taraire, Kohekohe, Karaka, Tawa, Tītoki, Maneao, Rewarewa, Puka, Tawāpou, Ngaio, and Nìkau. Kauri, Kōwhai, and Kānuka were present on ridges, as well as Tānekaha, and Tāwhai (hard beech). Manu that would have been present include: Kōkako, Kōmiromiro, Kākāpō, Kākā, Kererū, Huia. Tuatara, Mokomoko, Kiore, Ruru, Pekapeka, Piwaiwaka, Korimako, Toutouwai, Riroriro would have also been present. Dominant species, Karaka, Pūriri, Kohekohe, and Pōhutukawa have shade tolerant species that regenerate beneath the forest canopy.

Refer ‘Ecosystem Types’

SA1.2

Scale @ A3 1:5,000
Mangrove forest and scrub occuring in areas of frequent tidal innundation and abundant silt deposition, particularly near stream and river mouths.

SA1.5

Shell barrier beaches develop in some estuaries as long narrrow ridges, which build up from wave driven accumulations of dead mollusc shells and sand. Vegetation is often sparse, with scattered herb field of glass wort, coastal needle grass, knobby clubrush, sea rush, sea primrose, bachelor’s button and sea blite, and on the highest ground, occasional oioi, saltmarsh ribbonwood and Tauhinu.

Refer ‘Ecosystem Types’

RESTORATION GOALS

This document is designed to support the ongoing management of the Jutland Reserve and should be reviewed periodically to ensure its integrity as a living document.

Restoration goals set out the aspirations of the community in the regeneration of Jutland Reserve. The following restoration goals have been set.

Restore, and protect and enhance the ecosystems of the Jutland Reserves.

Increase appropriate biodiversity through planting of selected species, adhering to the principles of eco-sourcing.

Increase the structural and functional diversity of the planting sites by including a range of species from groundcovers, to shrubs, vines and canopy trees.

Reduce and where possible eliminate exotic species that threaten native biodiversity through ‘pest control’.

Increase understanding and protection of soils, organic litter layers and insect habitats.

Enrich and link corridors and connections to neighbouring reserves across the peninsula.

Support Mana Whenua in their role as kaitiaki.

Provide for cultural practices and harvesting, and for material and space for cultural provision community resources.

Identify and implement environmental education opportunities.

Connect community.

Any recreational activity in the resereve should take into account the above restoration goals.

RESTORATION MANAGEMENT AREAS

The Reserve has been split into management areas based on terrain, access, different topography and growing microclimates such as sheltered upper gully. Each of the following restoration areas includes a description and key issues/opportunities that can be addressed. The location of the areas are shown on the map on the following page.

1. Lower salt marsh to mānawa zone

Manawa forest and scrub in areas of frequent tidal inundation with abundant silt desposition. Drifts of shell banks with accumulated shells and sand.

Little to no plant restoration required. Regular rubbish removal, e.g plastics from both the terrestrial and marine environment. Ongoing monitoring required to ensure early identification and removal of weed seedlings.

2. Lower bank to waters edge.

Coastal fringe area containing midden. Concrete path access from Jutland Rd passes over stream vein. Wet draining gully. Karaka regenerating under canopy.

Weeds including large established tree privet to be removed over a period of

3+

years to limit soil exposure and weathering, and to prevent consecutive weed invasion. Reduce large privet in two stages to enable surrounding plants such as karo, kawakawa, kāramuramu, kāhikatea, and tī kouka to grow into the spaces. Remove limbs selectively to encourage growth of surrounding native trees. Take out privet before or after flowering before seeds develop. Leave organic material as mulch on the ground to recycle nutrients and to build soil. Allow the transition to happen slowly over time.

Looking South West

Stream edge at Jutland rd entrance

No direct planting into exposed middens. Suitable shallow rooting species such as kūmarahou or tūrutu to be planted adjacent to the midden area to create additional ground cover protection.

Planting throughout the area to increase diversity and to foster a natural ngahere structure that includes ground covers, shrubs, understory and canopy.

Displacers smothering existing trees.

Coastal edge

Entrance from Jutland Rd.

KEY:	ㅤ	ㅤ	0	75
ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Meters	N
ㅤ	□	ㅤ	ㅤ	Scale@A3
ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	1:2,500
ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Date created 16/05/22

Mulch edge to enrich soils.

3. Jutland area- upper bank to top edge.

Pohutukawa, Pūriri broadleaved forest exposed to winds and salt spray along upper ridgeline. Views from neighbouring properties over harbour to be considered.

Vegetation dominated by noxious privet and pampas. Cease spraying which harms native biodiversity and promotes soil erosion and new weed invasion.

Soil erosion prone areas occur throughout the reserve. To avoid bank destabilisation removal of large trees by ring

Native & exotics along cliff edge.

Avoid herbicide to reduse damage to soils and loss through erosion.

barking should occur gradually and on a case by case basis.

Use organic material from on-site weed reduction to build soils. Retain logs and branches to create leaf litter beds. Identify designated windrow composting areas and implement through community workshops. Build windrows with weeds such as tradescantia, Japanese honeysuckle, impatiens, canna lily, Chinese privet, and convolvulus, to prevent regeneration from fragments.

Prioritise the removal of vines that smother surrounding existing native vegetation.

Pampas competes with and smothers native plants but is intolerant of shade. Cut pampas to create spaces to plant into and encourage canopy closure. Health & Safety(!): Be aware of holes in the ground under and between pampas along the cliff edge. Use pampas material to fill these holes.

Staged replacement. Yr 1: remove weed species and replant. Yr 3-5: work by Girl Guides.

Community volunteers planting day.

Plants selected to maintain view shafts for houses.

4. Community planted area

Within Pohutukawa, Pūriri broadleaved forest area - ridgeline undulating down to sheltered restoration area on upper banks in open site. Open area parallel to neighbouring houses.

Planted by the community in 2020/2021. The area requires enrichment planting and maintenance to encourage canopy closure and ground-cover. Previous inappropriate plant selection can be corrected with future planting. Good area for school children to plant.

Regular maintenance and mulching will help to suppress grass and encroaching weeds. Kikuyu can be pulled away from the stems and mulched like a tyre around plants to allow nutrients to be recycled back into the soil.

Appropriate species selection and mulching will also help to create resilience against summer drought.

5. Top path behind houses.

An unstable, erosion prone site mainly consisting of steep, south facing banks with limited access. Pth along ridgeline steep bank down to estuary. Slippery, eroding path edges, sparse undergrowth.

Some contract work prior to community activated restoration work will be required. Mowing and the removal of pampas has destabilised the bank along the fence line adjacent to the walking path. Construction of a retaining wall will be required to prevent an
erosion event at this site.
Pōhutukawa, māpere and kōwharawhara occurring on the cliffs need to be protected as a whānau. This ecological community is working together to stabilise the bank.

Regenerating species include tī koūka, karamū, kāramuramu, māhoe and karaka. Long-lived species such as taraire, tawa, tawāpou and rewarewa can be planted in this area.

Some of the ngahere along the cliff is too steep for volunteers to access. Self seeding species for revegetation include kawakawa, hangehange, tūrutu and māpere.

Weeds in this area include pampas, gorse, Chinese privet, tradescantia and acmena. Weed trees such as privet need to be ring
barked and left to fall naturally. This minimal disturbance approach will allow karaka and other native seedlings to regenerate and to replace exotic species gradually.

Weed management can be ‘site-led’ where a whole suite of weeds is removed within specific blocks, or ‘species-led’ where

1-2

species are controlled at a time across the whole site. A combination of these two approaches may be adopted. Beyond this, contract work can support weed control.

Windrows can be created here with logs cut and left to rot down.

Fenceline needs restoring.

Rubbish being dumped into reserve

Grass clippings: nutrient rich soil

Unstable paths, degrading and unsafe fencelines.

Self seed to regenerate understory planting.

Karaka regenerating along banks

Marsden Street gully

Privet dominated area

Eleagnus

Karaka

6. Marsden Street Gully

Entrance from Marsden street. Piped stream flows through gully from neighbouring houses to estuary, and moana.

The broadleaf coastal gully provides good sources of native seeds such as tī kouka and karaka, and presents a good opportunity for restoration with species such as kohekohe, tawāpou, pūriri and karaka. Prior specimen tree planting (e.g. kōwhai) unfortunately was poorly maintained, which has compromised tree health.

Issues include a heavy infestation with elaeagnus and other invasive trees and vines. To control elaeagnus, cut plants 1.5 m from the ground and apply ‘cut’n’paste’ to stems. Leave the tops hanging in the privet to die and drop as leaf litter. (This is the one species that needs to be poisoned to prevent regeneration!) To Control Japanese honeysuckle cut vines and dig out roots.

Prior to restoration efforts some contract weed work will be required to be followed by community planting. Restoration should be progressively staged to prevent soil exposure and to limit erosion. All edges will require mulching.

Francis Street

7. Marsden to Francis Street block.

South facing, unable to access.
This area will require contractors to create walking tracks from both Francis Street and the Marsden Street entrance along the top ridge.

Once accessible, the site can be weeded and mulched in stages followed by annual replacement planting to support bank stabilisation.

Any organic material from weed tree work should be left on site as mulch.

Ki Uta Ki Tai

From the mountains to the sea - this holistic approach to restoration corresponds with the planting zones; starting from the higher levels working down to the waterways, i.e the upper ridgelines, slopes, gullies and down to the lower riparian margins.

Maramataka

Through observation of natural world cycles in concurrence with the phases of marama and appearance of ngā whetū, guidance of restoration best practice can occur. Maramataka can guide the timing of restoration practice such as planting times, both animal and plant pest control, from seed harvest through to monitoring.

Maramataka can be rohe specific and therefore within a framework of luna cycles and seasonal change and will need to be ground truthed or at the very least, refined for Jutland Reserve and the peninsula. Observations or adjustments of the suggested time frames for activities within the maramataka guides provided, are to be recorded for use in consecutive years.

Restoration

The goal of restoration is to re-establish the structure, functioning and diversity of an ecosystem, and generally involves revegetation and the eradication or control of pests.

While the primary objective in restoration is to increase the quality of native habitat, it also needs to take into account

Blue Morning Glory

other human landscape values such as cultural, recreational, and aesthetic values.

Connectivity

Ecosystems are functionally interdependent with the surrounding landscape. Reconstructing native habitat through planting, and establishing connectivity between habitat patches ensures that native species, such as birds, lizards and insects, can move freely through urban ecosystems, whilst facilitating seed dispersal, pollination, gene flow and nutrient cycling.

The types of plant species present in these linkages influence their utility as habitat; those that provide food resources and/or shelter are more useful for improving connectivity. Enhancing corridors and stepping stones with a diverse assemblage of native groundcovers, shrubs and trees would aid the movement of biodiversity throughout the area and the wider Auckland region and would allow Jutland Reserve to become a key element of the North-West Wildlink between the Waitakere Ranges in the west and the Hauraki Gulf Islands in the east.

Corridors also exist within a site. Create localised networks within the reserve for micro- and macro-invertebrates and lizards.

Sustainable Best Practice

Across the project, from supply to delivery, avoid materials and work practice that negatively impact on the environment counter to our efforts in healing the whenua and awa.

Regenerating Karaka

Use reusable, recycled and recyclable materials. Look for innovation in plant supply and delivery to reduce plastics and additional transport and handling.

Practice Integrated Pest & Weed Management and prevention that includes implementation of myrtle rust and kauri dieback
hygiene protocols. (! Kauri dieback is not limited to kauri. It can also infect other native species such as tānekaha and rewarewa.)
https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/environment/plants-animals/protect-trees-disease/Pages/default.aspx

Foster a culture of learning. All kaitiaki are to be given an overview of restoration practices. Experienced volunteers are encouraged to pass on knowledge to each new wave of community that engages with the programme, as the support and capacity for the programme grows. Keep records and develop systems so practices and adaptive management improvements may be repeated.

Health and Safety

All restoration work should be planned and implemented in accordance with the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 (and Regulations 1995).

Site Planning

The following has been undertaken in the preparation of this plan. This methodology has been included here as an exercise for community volunteers to talk through when reassessing planting sites:

Take stock before starting. Site analysis to include but not limited to: soil, aspect, rainfall, hydrology, existing vegetation (both native and exotic), animal pest baseline data, neighbouring site influences (e.g. source of invasive weeds or native plant material for propagation).

Divide and estimate the areas within the planting zone e.g. upper bank, bank, stream edge, coastal cliff. Be mindful of any planned pathways through or adjacent to the planting area that may reduce habitat connectivity.

Coprosma rhamnoides

Site Plan

Prepare site plans annually, including site access points, health and safety risk assessment, weed management priorities, pest control trap lines and planting schedule (i.e. number of plants, grades and spacing).

Considerations for planting height and placement include sight lines, view shafts, hydrology, access, and any neighbouring built elements such as signage, paths, seats, and fence lines.

Monitoring priorities across the site include planting site
health, weeds, erosion, and regeneration. Some of the monitoring options are project specific and some are location specific.

Pathways, Access and Movement

Identify existing access points and any additional pathways required to move equipment into the site. These pathways may be retired in future years.

Site Preparation

Site preparation is a first priority for restoration work. Existing pathways need to be cleared to create access for equipment into planting blocks and to enable weed clearance.

Weed control in blocks will be staged as resources allow. Best weed clearance time is spring to summer, followed by planting site prep in summer to late autumn.

Moving and working on site requires mindfulness. For example, while undertaking weed control or site assessments, take care to not disturb regenerating native seedlings and wildlife.

Revegetation

Fragmented blocks of native vegetation will provide some filtering of sediment, stabilisation of banks, reducing erosion along with providing some habitat and food reserves. To be effective as ecological corridors, however, the riparian zone should aim to link together existing habitat and areas greater than 6 ha blocks.

Revegetation may be undertake in the form of planting or direct seeding.

Planting

Nursery grown plants may be used to establish cover or to enrich existing planting where the canopy is already established. The goal of restoration is to re-establish the structure, functioning and diversity of an ecosystem, and generally involves revegetation and the eradication or control of pests. While the primary objective in restoration is to increase the quality of native habitat, it also needs to take into
account other human landscape values such as cultural, recreational, and aesthetic values.

Retain lines of sight for safety

Retain view shafts

Allow access to water

Allow provision for harvest

Correct earlier restoration efforts that require repair from lack of maintenance.

Utilise these values in the planning and setting-out of your planting projects.

Connectivity

Plant Selection

First survey existing native vegetation and take note of plants that are thriving under current conditions. Encourage their regeneration and expansion. Then identify gaps in the biodiversity and select plants that are unlikely to return without assistance (refer to Plant Schedule).

Consider native forest regeneration and succession in your planning -incorporate a mixture of canopy, understory and groundcover planting, and build a litter layer for future direct seeding.

Selection criteria include:

Potential natural occurrence within the planting zones

Rākau whenua (able to have their whakapapa traced), eco-sourced

Tolerant of present micro-climatic conditions within the planting zones

Increases structural and functional diversity (e.g. ground cover)

Contributes to habitat enhancement (e.g. food source for manu)

Rare species, opportunity for restoration (e.g. para)

Plant species have to be matched with their optimum plant grade

Species identified as requiring inclusion or further planting include māpere, hangehange, mingimingi, ponga and pukupuku.
Invertebrates can be supported through the planting of mānuka, kānuka, koromiko.

When developing plant lists include source and plant grades appropriate for species and terrain, and identify best revegetation methodology, i.e.planting and/or direct seeding.

Nurseries - Plant supply

Rākau whenua means tracing the whakapapa of plant material. Eco-sourcing practice involves plant propagation from local native plant populations to ensure site-suitability, and to preserve the natural genetic diversity (biodiversity) and evolutionary processes of our indigenous plants. This can be achieved by using local native seeds for local planting, and by collecting a representative diversity from healthy local populations. Where possible source from the local Ngau-te-ringaringa Nursery.

Source of seed: Prioritise sourcing seed from similar habitat in the same eco-district (Tāmaki). If sources are unavailable, look to the wider eco-region (Auckland).

Seed collection: Where available, seed will be harvested with kaitiaki and recorded with name, date, collector and assigned a batch number. Seeds will then be processed by local iwi/ community based nurseries.

Integrity can be maintained through careful management
of batching and nursery production practices that ensure that information recorded during collection remains accurate and can be passed on to the monitoring data collection for each site. This allows for traceability from source material to planting site.

Plants should arrive on site well watered, healthy, disease free, in natural form, not root bound, firm within pots, and labelled with correct names. A record should be held with the nursery and Project Manager, and should include the source of parent material.

Plant placement

Planting should appear as natural as possible. When placing out plants consider eventual plant size and natural ngahere spatial patterns. Species may occur singularly and well spaced, or clustered in drifts (e.g pukupuku).

On site, plants are to be set out in accordance with the site plan which indicates plant zones, spacing, access and areas not to be planted.

Any alterations to the plan decided on the day due to environmental changes such as flooding or slip erosion should be noted. Each site will be monitored and audited for quality of implementation and growth against the original site plans.

Plant feeding

Plant feeding will occur at time of planting if sites are easily leached of nutrients. Feed plants with organic sheep pellets at a rate of one handful per plant. Avoid feeding species that prefer nutrient poor soils (e.g.rewarewa and kumarahou).

Site Aftercare and Maintenance

Aftercare includes control of returning weeds from seeding or regeneration, monitoring plant health and feeding requirements.

Frequency of site care:

Follow-up weeding for the first $1-2$ years up to 4 times per year

Year 3 and 4 up to 2 times per year

Year 5 and 6 assess for weed regeneration or reinvasion
and spot control prior to second stage infill planting.

Direct Seeding

Direct seeding

Direct seeding is a method used in an area of existing canopy (or canopy recently established) due to restoration practices. These areas are able to have enrichment through direct seeding. This suits areas that may be:

Difficult to access for planting.

The understorey is sparse.

Unable to have holes dug as it would disturb the roots of surrounding mature native vegetation.

Direct seeding sites will require some leaf litter to be present. Seeds are harvested with the same care and storage requirements as for nursery production with a mix of seeds able to be cast at the same time. Intensive rat trapping or baiting must be undertaken in the two weeks prior to casting and two weeks post-casting.

Advantages of direct seeding include reduced cost per unit, reduced material requirements, no nursery grow-on stages, minimal transportation, handling or set-out costs.Seeds with inhibitors removed or dormancy broken can establish without the root disturbance suffered by nursery-grownplants. No feeding is required as nutrients are moderated by the leaf litter present.

Species suited to direct seeding include those with tap roots, e.g. pūriri, karaka,kohekohe, rewarewa, nīkau. See Planting Provision opposite for a full list of suitable seeds.

PLANTING PROVISION

Ingoa	Botanical Name	Conditions	Abundance	Provision	Size (m)
Trees	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Akapuka	Griselinia lucida	part shade, dry - under pōhutukawa	*	ㅤ	$5 \times 4$
Akeake	Dodonea viscosa	full sun, dry, exposed	*	bees	$4 \times 2$
Akepiro	Olearia furfuracea	full sun, dry, exposed	*	bees	$4 \times 2$
Haekaro	Pittosporum umbellatum	exposed, part shade	*	ㅤ	$5 \times 3$
Houhere	Hoheria populnea	hardy, full sun to part shade	*	bees, manu	$8 \times 3$
Houpara	Pseudopanax lessonii	full sun, dry, exposed	***	manu	$4 \times 2$
Kānuka	Kunzea robusta	dry, exposed, full sun - ridges and slips	**	ahi, bees	$15 \times 3$
Kapuka	Griselinia lucida	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Karaka	Corynocarpus laevigatus	hardy in part shade - direct seed into leaf litter under canopy	**	kai, rongoā, manu	$8 \times 5$
Kāramuramu	Coprosma robusta	hardy, part shade	***	kai, manu, bees	$5 \times 3$
Karo	Pittosporum crassifolium	full sun, dry, exposed - direct seed into mulch	***	bees, manu	$6 \times 4$
Kauri	Agathis australis (threatened)	full sun, shelter - ridgeline	* grouped	rongoā	$15 \times 5$
Kohekohe	Dysoxylum spectabile	shade, shelter - direct seed into litter layer	*	manu, bees	$12 \times 10$
Kōhūhū	Pittosporum tenuifolium	hardy, sun or part shade	*	manu, bees	$6 \times 4$
Kōwhai	Sophora chathamica	hardy, sun or part shade, prefers some moisture	**	rongoā, manu, bees	$6 \times 4$
Māhoe	Melicytus ramiflorus	very hardy, sun or shade	***	ahi, pūngāwerewere, manu, bees	$5 \times 3$
Māmaku	Cyathea medullaris	requires shade, shelter - gully	*	rongoā, manu, insects	$12 \times 4$
Mānuka	Leptospermum scoparium	exposed, full sun, prefers some moisture - estuarine edge	**	ahi, manu, bees	$4 \times 2$
Māpou	Myrsine australis	hardy in sun or shade, dry - direct seed	***	ahi, manu, bees	$5 \times 2$
Miro	Pectinopitys ferruginea	sits in sheltered area, damp just above wet banks eg Area 6	*	mahi whakairo, manu	$10 \times 6$
Ngaio	Myoporum laetum	full sun, dry, exposed	*	rongoā, manu	$5 \times 3$
Níkau	Rhopalostylis sapida	requires shade and shelter - gully	*clustered	manu	$5 \times 3$

5 \times 4

12 \times 8

8 \times 5

5 \times 4

10 \times 6

4 \times 2

12 \times 4

4 \times 3

7 \times 3

10 \times 10

10 \times 10

6 \times 6

8 \times 3

8 \times 6

6 \times 3

5 \times 4

4 \times 3

5 \times 4

6 \times 5

6 \times 5

|
| Mangeao | Litsea calicaris | Few | * | |

5 \times 2

PLANTING PROVISION

Ingoa	Botanical Name	Conditions	Abundance	Provision	Size (m)
SHRUBS	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Hangehange	Geniostoma ligustrifolium	hardy - under canopy	**	manu, bees	$3 \times 2$
Harakeke	Phormium tenax	full sun, wet or dry - estuarine edge, wetland, on cliffs	⋯	rongoā, mahi toi, manu, bees	$3 \times 3$
Kawakawa	Piper excelsum subsp. excelsum	shade, shelter, richer soils with leaf litter	**	kai, rongoā, pūrerehua, manu	$2 \times 1.5$
Ko tahi rau	Olearia solandri	hardy, full sun, exposed, wet or dry - estuarine edge	*	pūrerehua, bees	$4 \times 3$
Koromiko	Veronica macrocarpa v	Full sun, dry, exposed - forest edge	***	rongoā, pūrerehua, manu, bees	$1.5 \times 1$
Koromiko	Veronica stricta var. stricta	Full sun, dry or moist, exposed - forest edge	***	rongoā, pūrerehua, manu, bees	$4 \times 2.5$
Kūmarahou	Pomaderris kumeraho	dry clay in full sun to part shade - forest edge, erosion scars	***	rongoā, manu, insects	$2 \times 1.5$
ㅤ	Coprosma rhamnoides	hardy, dry - under canopy, forest edge	***	manu	$1 \times 1$
GROUNDCOVERS	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Kiokio	Parablechnum novae-zelandiae	hardy in part shade	**	ㅤ	$1 \times 2$
Kōwharawhara	Astelia banksii	dry shade, exposed - on cliffs, under pohutakawa	***	ㅤ	$1 \times 1.5$
Māpere	Gahnia setifolia	dry, part-shade, shelter	*** clustered	ㅤ	$2 \times 3$
Puarangi	Hibiscus richardsonii	full sun, dry, exposed - erosion scars	***	living mulch, putiputi	$0.5 \times 0.3$
Pukupuku	Doodia australis	hardy, free draining - under canopy	***	ㅤ	$0.3 \times 0.5$
Rengarenga	Arthropodium cirratum	full sun to part shade, free draining	**clustered	ㅤ	$0.6 \times 0.5$
Tī rauriki	Cordyline pumilio	dry shade, shelter - on ridgelines with kauri	**	ㅤ	$1 \times 1$
Toatoa	Haloragis erecta subsp. erecta	very hardy, exposed, wet or dry - edges	***	living mulch	$1 \times 1$
Tūrutu	Dianella nigra	hardy, dry, shelter - under canopy	***	manu	$0.5 \times 1$
Waiuatua	Euphorbia glauca (threatened)	on exposed cliffs	*	ㅤ	$0.5 \times 2$
ㅤ	Carex solandri	hardy in shade, moist or dry - under canopy	***	ㅤ	$0.6 \mathrm{~m} \times 0.6$
ㅤ	Carex testacea	full sun to part shade, exposed - on banks	***	ㅤ	$0.4 \times 0.4$
Totara	Fuchsia procumbens	hardy in part shade	**	manu	$0.15 \times 2$

6 \times 1.5

5 \times 2

5 \times 2

2 \times 1.5

0.1 \times 0.3

1.5 \times 1

1.5 \times 2

1.5 \mathrm{~m} \times 1.5

1 \times 1 \mathrm{~m}

0.75 \times 0.5

1 \times 1.5

Species planting abundance (*) showing the approximate proportion that should be used within the planting to mimic natural species abundance and groupings.

few
** common
*** plentiful

Useful links:

https://www.forestandbird.org.nz/resources/native-plants-attract-birds
https://www.doc.govt.nz/get-involved/conservation-activities/attract-birds-to-your-garden/
https://rauropiwhakaoranga.landcareresearch.co.nz
https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/page.aspx?flora
https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/environment/plants-animals/plant-for-your-ecosystem/Pages/coastal-ecosystems.aspx

WEED MANAGEMENT A weed is a plant growing where it is not wanted

Wattle seedlings

Soil and erosion

Soil is alive and needs to be treated with care. There are more species of organisms in the soil than there are aboveground. Soil macro- and microorganisms interact with each other, as well as with plants and insects in the soil and offer important functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling.

Revegetation planting helps to prevent soil erosion, stabilises banks and enhances the ability of the soil to absorb water. Revegetation also restores soil fertility by increasing organic matter, and available nutrients while sustaining biological activities and improving physical conditions. Minimise soil disturbance and never leave bare soil exposed. Protect soil with mulch and leave to decompose and create compost ‘in place’.

Pest Control

Animal pest control is a vital part of any successful restoration project.
Introduced animal species can degrade native habitat by eating foliage, fruits and seeds, predation and competing with native animals for food.

Prepare an animal pest management strategy.

Identify which pests are a problem, and what control methods should be used.

Beware of health & safety and environmental impacts associated with pest control

Moving from elimination/ eradication strategy to a management/control strategy over time will help to reach

Windrow
a point where native birds can fledge their young. Target species:

Rats

Possums

Exotic Parrots

Cats (domestic and feral) - include camera monitoring.

Weeds Management

Weeds - impact

Weeds impact existing native habitat survival, impede native restoration and prevent natural regeneration. Weeds can reduce biodiversity and impact on native habitat by smothering or out-competing native species, preventing natural regeneration, and reducing habitat for native fauna. They can also have adverse effects on people by causing allergies and health problems and by reducing amenity values in public spaces.

During site planning/visits identify weed types and species. Weeds such as Japanese honeysuckle, moth plant, convolvulus, blue morning glory, smilax, elaeagnus, climbing asparagus or blackberry impact individual plants, populations and habitat by smothering.

Other exotic species such as privet, woolly nightshade, rhamnus, Japanese spindle weed or hawthorn can displace of native plants or interfere with native seed dispersal.

Types of weeds

Weeds are classified according to the National Pest Accord

Pampas

(NPPA). Two-thirds of environmental weeds in NZ have been deliberately introduced as ornamental plants and have escaped or been moved into native habitat.

Resources for pest plant identification: https://www.tiakitamakimakaurau.nz/protect-and-restore-our-environment/pests-in-auckland/pest-search/ https://www.weedbusters.org.nz

Sleeper weeds

Sleeper weeds are those that aren’t an issue yet, but have potential to overwhelm the habitat, and include garden plant varieties that are no longer in fashion. Prioritise removal while still small.

Monitoring for plant establishment shouldn’t just include plant health and size or growth rates, but also associated surrounding organisms. Identify wider network connection manu highways, future bat corridors.

Weed Management Methodology

The aim of weed control is to protect existing native vegetation and to maintain conditions for natural regeneration. This objective is supported by ongoing monitoring.

When planning weed control, important factors to take into account include resources of both time and money. Aim to reduce weeds below a point of impacting on the next stage of restoration planting. In an effort to eliminate weeds on site, do not over-clear which in turn can cause erosion, slips and exposed sediment to wash over cliffs. You are trying to protect and restore.

WEED MANAGEMENT

When planning take into account the nearest weed source for reinvasion. Connecting planting sites and closing canopy cover reduces space for weeds to establish or to develop weed hot-spots. Clear and plant areas that can be scheduled and resourced for ongoing maintenance.

Manual weed control

Manual weed control involves cutting down, grubbing or digging out of weeds. Allow to compost directly on site. Follow-up maintenance includes reduction of regenerating weed seedlings through hand pulling and grubbing out, as well as hand releasing of planting sites. Clear an area of about 1 m diameter around plants.

Manual control does require careful planning and seasonal observations in plant growth. Try to control weeds before they fruit or set seed. The use of weedeaters within restoration blocks post-planting should be avoided as the rate of trunk damage is often high and the reduction of ground cover over summer months reduces moisture retention within the planting sites.

Disturbance promotes weed invasion. Using control methods that cause the least disturbance to the site is the best way to minimise the risk of replacement weeds. Clear in stages and allow for the surrounding native vegetation to replace the weed.

Those undertaking weed work will need adequate plant identification knowledge and guides to avoid weeding out cover crops.

Understanding the reproduction and growth habits of weeds will prevent issues of unwanted regeneration (e.g.only seeds and roots of ginger need to be hot composted or broken down anaerobically to prevent regrowth).

Living Mulch

Interplanting or direct-seeding with fast-growing cover crops can help to reduce weed regeneration and retain moisture over the first two growing seasons, aiding native plant establishment.

Living mulch include native plants such as toetoe within the riparian zone that is shaded out later as larger natives establish shade cover. Direct seeding plants such as
kāramuramu or māpere can provide fast bird food, shade out unwanted weeds and will later be replaced by successional natives.

Windrows

Replacement transition plan that helps to reduce erosion, enrich soils, and to keep lawn mowers out. Cut and stack weeds in rectangular blocks creating hot compost that returns nutrients to the planting blocks and allows habitat refuge for invertebrates and lizards.

While new native habitats are establishing, windrows are a refuge powerhouse for insects, lizards, butterflies, moths and fungi that would be lost if chemical control was used. These need to be big enough with species such as honeysuckle that easily regenerate from fragments in the centre where enough heat is created to kill and break down any plant material.

Build the windrows along the edge as a protective layer. As plant material rots down it will feed the site and will become a nutrient-rich soil base to be planted into.

Organic Mulch

Mulch from the initial reduction of weeds such as pampas and gorse will add valuable cover, increase moisture retention and encourage soil building processes.

Due to access issues, it would not be a viable option to bring in wood chippers to make wood chip mulch on site. All weed materials should be recycled on site.

ENVIRONMENTAL WEED SPECIES

AUCKLAND Weed List- High light those present at Jutland Reserve and colour code watch list - Weed infestations should be logged via a monitoring app - Eco Track so it is live and current for external use. KEY: Types: T=Tree, GC= Ground Covers, C/V=Climbers/ Vines STATUS: S=Surveillance, NPA= National Pest Accord, CI= Community Initiatives, TC= Total Control Priority code: 5 being the lowest, 1 being the highest MONITORING: RG=Regrowth, RFS=Remove on first siting, $\mathrm{D}=$ Density, Rgen=Regeneration present, SD=Seedlings, tba= to be assessed	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Each management area to have its own column for kaitiaki to take out in electronic format to be populated each year.
INGOA	BOTANICAL NAMES	TYPES	STATUS	PRIORITY	METHOD OF CONTROL	LEVEL OF CONTROL	TREAT ON SITE	Removal to containment for treating	Monitoring	Best months to weed	For example: Jutland Area 3 Present (survey date)
REVIEW CURRENT STATUS	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Blackberry	Rubus fruticosus agg.	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Black Nightshade	Solanum nigrum	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Gorse	Ulex spp.	T	C, S, Cl	2	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Inkweed	Phytolacca octandra	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Pampas	Austroderia selloana	GC	S, CI, NPA	1	ㅤ	total	yes	ㅤ	GR, Rgen	ㅤ	Present
Wilding pine	Pinus radiata	T	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Check
Purple pampas grass	Cortaderia jubata	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Likely to be present and / or invade from surrounding area	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Agapanthus	Agapanthus praecox, A.orientalis and cultivars	GC	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Bamboo	Phyllostachys spp	ㅤ	not legally decare	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Boneseed	Chrysanthemoides monilifera	S	S,NPA	1	cut, pull	reduction	yes	ㅤ	RG, SD	ㅤ	Present
Black Wattle	Acacia mearnsii	T	ㅤ	2	cut, grub, pull	total	yes	remove all	RG	ㅤ	Present
bulbil watsonia	Watsonia bulbillifera	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Check
Century plant	Avage americana	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Casuarina	Casuarina cunninghamiana, C. glauca	T	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Giant Reed	Arundo donax	ㅤ	S, CI, NPA	1	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Flame Tree	Brachychiton acerifolius	T	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Gum	Eucalyptus spp.	T	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Hawthorn	Crataegus monogyna	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Cotoneaster	Cotoneaster glaucophyllus, C. franchetti	T	S	3	cut, grub	containment	yes	ㅤ	RG	ㅤ	ㅤ
Queen of the Night	Cestrum nocturnum	T	research not pest	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Climbing Asparagus	Asparagus scandens	C/V	S, CI, NPA	2	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Swan plant	Gomphocarpus physocarpus	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	?
Smilax	Asparagus asparagoides	C/V	C, S, CI, NPA	2	dig	containment	ㅤ	yes	GR,RFS	ㅤ	Present
To be surveyed for presence as part of ongoing moitoring as canopy changes	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Australian ngaio	Myoporum insulare	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Banana Passionfruit	Passiflora tripartita	C/V	S, CI, NPA	1	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Barberry	Berberis glaucophylla	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Bear’s Breeches	Acanthus mollis	ㅤ	research	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ

INGOA	BOTANICAL NAMES	TYPES	STATUS	PRIORITY	METHOD OF CONTROL	LEVEL OF CONTROL	TREAT ON SITE	Removal to containment for treating	Monitoring	Best months to weed	Jutland area 3
REVIEW CURRENT STATUS	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Bindweed	Convolvulus spp.(There are also native species).	C/V	not legally declared	4	remove	containment	ㅤ	yes	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Black Sheoak	Allocasuarina littoralis	T	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Blue Morning Glory	Ipomoea indica	C/V	S, CI, NPA	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Blue Passion Flower	Passiflora caerulea	C/V	ㅤ	2	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Brush Wattle	Paraserianthes lophantha /Acacia Lophantha	T	S	ㅤ	cut	ㅤ	yes - mulch	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Buffalo grass	Stenotaphrum secundatum	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Camphor Laurel	Cinnamomum camphora	T	research not pest	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Canary Island palm	Phoenix canariensis	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Canna lily	Canna x.generalis	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Castor Oil Plant	Ricinus communis	T	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Chinese Privet	Ligustrum sinense	T	S, Cl	1	cut, pull	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Divided sedge	Carex divisa	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Edible fig	Ficus carica	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Elaeagnus	Elaeagnus x reflexa	T/C	S,CI	1	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Elephant Ear	Alocasia brisbanensis	GC	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Evergreen Buckthorn	Rhamnus alaternus	T	TC, S, C, NPA	1	cut, pull	total	yes	ㅤ	Rgen, SD	ㅤ	ㅤ
Fennel	Foeniculum vulgare	ㅤ	none	5	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Nasturtium	Tropaeolum majus	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Ginger	Hedychium gardnerianum	rhizome	C, S, CI, NPA	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Grey sedge	Carex divulsa	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Iris	Iris orientalis	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Iris	Iris pseudacormus	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Japanese Honeysuckle	Lonicera Japonica	C/V	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Japanese Spindle Tree	Euonymus japonicus	T	S, NPA	1	cut, pull	total	yes	ㅤ	GR,Rgen	ㅤ	ㅤ
Jasmine	Jasminumpolyanthum	C/V	S, Cl	ㅤ	cut, grub	total	ㅤ	yes	RFS	ㅤ	ㅤ
jointed rush	Juncus articulatis	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Loquat	Eriobotrya japonica	T	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Madeira / Mignonette	Anredera cordifolia	C/V	TC, S, CI, NPA	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Mercer grass	Paspalum distichum	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Mexican daisy	Erigeron karvinskianus	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Mexican devil	Ageratina adenophora	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ

INGOA	BOTANICAL NAMES	TYPES	STATUS	PRIORITY	METHOD OF CONTROL	LEVEL OF CONTROL	TREAT ON SITE	Removal to containment for treating	Monitoring	Best months to weed	Jutland area 3
REVIEW CURRENT STATUS	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
monkey apple	Acmena smithii	T	S, CI, NPA	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Monstera	Monstera deliciosa	GC	not legally declared	ㅤ	dig out	Total	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Montbretia	Crocosmia X crocosmiiflora	GC bulb	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Moth Plant	Araujia hortorum (syn. A. Sericifera)	C/V	C, S, CI, NPA	1	cut, grub	containment	yes	pods	RG,SD	ㅤ	Present
Nasturtium	Tropaeolum majus	GC	not legally declared	5	peel back	total	yes	ㅤ	Rgen	ㅤ	Present
Nutgrass	Cyperus rotundus	ㅤ	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Palm Grass	Setaria palmifolia	GC	surveillance	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Periwinkle	Vinca major	GC	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Persicaria	Persicaria decipiens	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Phoenix Palms	Phoenix canariensis	T	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Rhamnus	Rhamnus alaternus	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Silver Wattle	Acacia dealbata	T	ㅤ	1	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Stinking Iris	Iris foetidissima	ㅤ	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Sydney Golden Wattle	Acacia longifolia	T	research	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Taiwan Cherry	Prunus campanulata	T	research not pest	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Tall fescue	Festuca arundinacea	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Tradescantia	Tradescantia fluminensis	GC	S,NPA	4	rake, pile	total	yes	ㅤ	GR ,D	ㅤ	Present
Tree Privet	Ligustrum lucidum	T	S, CI, NPA	1	cut, pull	reduction	yes	ㅤ	GR, Rgen	ㅤ	Present
Tuber sword Fern	Nephrolepis cordifolia	GC	S, CI, NPA	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Umbrella Sedge	Cyperus eragrostis	GC	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Velvet Groundsel	Roldana petasitis	T	S	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Watsonia	Watsonia bulbillifera	GC bulb	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	21	ㅤ	ㅤ
Wattle	Acacia spp.	T	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Wild ginger	Hedychium gardnerianum	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	Present
Wild gladiolus	Gladiolus undulatus	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Willow	Salix spp.	T	not legally declared	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Willow weed	Epilobium ciliatum	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Woolly Nightshade	Solanum mauritianum	T	C,CI, NPA	1	cut, pull	total	yes	ㅤ	GR,SD	ㅤ	Present

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

The purpose of monitoring is to determine the effectiveness of a restoration programme, to give you a measure of success in terms of restoration objectives and ecological gains.Monitoring the results of a restoration project over time allows for modifications and improvements of restoration approaches.

Coordination of monitoring programmes

Implementation and coordination of monitoring and data collection can be undertaken by kaitiaki and the community.

Monitoring: Terrestrial Biodiversity

Manu - Birds

Manu can be monitored by casual observation through citizenscience and uploaded to iNaturalist (i.e. five-minute bird count) to determine bird presence during breeding seasons.
Species names and numbers are recorded, as well as location, date and time and variables such as weather conditions.
A minimum of five bird counts for local key species are recommended annually, at each planting site.
https://predatorfreenz.org/toolkits/is-your-predator-control-working/quick-bird-counts/

Mokomoko - Lizards

Monitoring can occur two weeks prior to weed clearance and again at two year intervals over a ten year period. Record presence, density and distribution. Lizards are easily stressed. All handling or translocation of lizards requires a permit under the Protection of Wild Species Act and iis not required for this restoration programme. The spread of moko populations will occur naturally through connectivity of planting.

Pekapeka - Bats

Pekapeka may be considered for monitoring.
Simple visual counts can be undertaken at dusk during warm, fine nights from October to March.
https://predatorfreenz.org/toolkits/is-your-predator-control-working/how-to-monitor-native-bats/

Monitoring: Plant Establishment

Monitoring for plant survival provides an assessment of performance for all plantings (Trees That Count offer an open-sourced monitoring framework). https://www. treesthatcount.co.nz/resources/monitoring/

Record:

Survival rates

Plant growth/health and reasons for tree mortality

Canopy closure

Natural native regeneration (an indication of ecosystem stability)

Monitoring for specific species:

Threatened plant species

Culturally important plant species

Plant growth, overall site coverage and heights can be assessed by drone footage taken prior to planting and annually or bi-annually for the duration of the programme.

Monitoring: Tangata

Cultural Health Indicators

Reconnection of individual hapū members with Jutland Reserve.

Increase of materials for provision, wānanga and harvest sites accessibility.

Enhance traditional ethnobotanical provision, including Toi Māori and Rōngoa species.

Adherence to protocols for sites of cultural significance (e.g. wāhi tapu and archaeological sites)

A mahinga kai assessment tool

Cultural competency of those undertaking restoration work from seed harvest to site care

Employment potential and opportunities

Environmental education and community engagement

Monitoring: Āta mātakitaki

Phenology monitoring provides us with relevant local knowledge of seasonally recurring life cycle events, such as fruiting or flowering times. It can be undertaken from the third year following initial planting, especially for species such as mānuka and karamū, but also for canopy species such as karaka and kahikatea. Phenology gives an indication of plant productivity and local seasonal maramataka. https://inaturalist.nz

Monitoring: Pests

Predator Free NZ has a list of pest monitoring programmes,links and active groups: https:// predatorfreenz.org/toolkits/is-your-predator-controlworking/

Plant pest monitoring should include invasive and noxious weed species presence, density, regeneration, and reinvasion, as well as early detection of new species.

The purpose of monitoring is to measure the effectiveness of the work against the programme objectives. To show where ecological gains have been made. Monitoring the outcomes of existing restoration over time gives the ability to make corrections and improvements to the way the biodiversity and contribution to stream health is being restored.

Coordination of monitoring programmes Implementation and coordination of ongoing monitoring and data collection can be undertaken by kaitiaki and community.

Remuremu

Ureure healthy provision for kai

MARAMATAKA

Restoration mahi:

Piripi

Hōngoingoi

Here-turikōkā

Mahuru

Whiringa-ānuku

Whiring-ārangi

Hakihea

Kohitātea

Hui tanguru

Poutū te Rangi

Paengawhāwhā

Haratua

TAU TUATAHI

Hotoke

ㅤ

Koanga

ㅤ

Raumati Ngahuru

ㅤ

Start date needs to correspond to resource availability.

ㅤ

Pre start walk over with Kaitiaki to go over work programme.

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Pre start once plan is confirmed.

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Pre start on contracted weed clearance

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Plant Pests. Site weed reduction, clearance and access paths.

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Clear exisiting access paths.

Clear exisiting access paths on gorse sites.

Aim to start contracted weed clearance by mid -month focus on gorse, blackberry and grass on open sites.

3 weeks focus on Privet, Woolly nightshade and Blackberry

3weeks aim to have all contracted weed work completed during summer

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Animal Pests - extend pest control programme initial monitoring, trapping, baiting across site. Aim to undertake pulse trapping for overall biodiversity gain, targeting control prior & over the bird breeding season.

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Set traps to be active last 3 weeks post monitoring for rats. Pest tracker tunnels/ chew cards set up.

Set traps to be active for 4 weeks intensive for possums.

Set traps to be active for 2 weeks.

Set traps to be active for 4 weeks.

Set traps to be active for 2 weeks.

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Set traps to be active for 4 weeks.

Set traps to be active for 2 weeks.

Site preparation pre planting

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2 week

Direct seeding species for second stage planting. All seed to be sourced from within the Tāmaki Ecological District- from the same ecosystem type. Processed for storage or sown fresh.

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Direct seeding 2nd half of the month after full moon.

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Planting / translocation planting open space created by weed clearance.

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Planting can start last week of May if there has been sufficient rain.

Monitoring Manu, mokomoko, weed density, pest animals present (chew cards) photo points, drone footage to indicate change over time. Cultural health indicators.

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Bird counts.

1st week, place out chew cards and tracking tunnels Photograph site from photo points.

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Manu, 5 min counts at the same time of day, note weather, Kererū discovery.

Photograph site from photo points.

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Photograph site from photo points. Bird counts.

Place out chew cards and tracking tunnels. Establish at least 2 photo points: photograph site.

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Photograph site from photo points.

Restoration mahi:

Piripi

Hōngoingoi

Here-turi-kōkā

Mahuru

Whiringa-ānuku

Whiring-ārangi

Hakihea

Kohitātea

Hui tanguru

Poutū te Rangi

Paengawhāwhā

Haratua

TAU TUARUA

Hotoke

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Koanga Raumati

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Ngahuru

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Pre start walk over with kaitiaki, Auckland Council representatives and olunteer Coordiators and to go over work programme.

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Pre start on contracted weed clearance

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Weed Clearance. Site weed reduction, clearance and access paths. Establish rounds of water- weed barrels. Contracted weed clearance to be undertaken by trained / skilled worker able to identify native seedings vs weeds without causing damage to existing plantings.

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Reduce new weed spread. Look for any new establishments and remove. Clear Woolly nightshade, Privet. Regrowth.

Reduce new weed spread. Look for any new establishments & remove. Clear Woolly nightshade, Privet. Regrowth.

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Walk over to set work tasks. Review what is done and reset.

Reduce last years’ windrow.

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Site Maintenance Site weed reduction, clearance and access paths. Establish rounds of water- weed barrels.

Maintenance of exisiting access paths.

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Maintenance of exisiting access paths. Clear around last years new plantings, any young plants.

Reduce regrowth on Blackberry, seedlings removal for Privet, Woolly nightshade.

Maintenance of exisiting access paths.

Maintenance of exisiting access paths. Empty barrels.

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Maintenance of exisiting access paths. Reduce last years’ windrow.

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Animal Pests set up community pest control programme initial monitoring, trapping, baiting across. Aim to undertake pulse trapping for overall biodiversity gain, targeting control prior & over the bird breeding season.

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Pest tracker tunnels/ chew cards set up.

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Set traps to be active last 3 weeks post monitoring for rats.

Set traps to be active for 4 weeks intensive for possums.

Set traps to be active for 2 weeks.

Set traps to be active for 4 weeks.

Pest tracker tunnels/ chew cards set up.

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Set traps to be active for 4 weeks.

Set traps to be active for 2 weeks.

Site preparation pre planting

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1 week

Direct seeding species for second stage planting. All seed to be sourced from within the Tāmaki Ecological District. Processed for storage or sown fresh.

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Direct seeding 2nd half of the month, after full moon.

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Planting / translocation planting open space created by weed clearance.

Planting

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Planting in lower wetland area with carex’s.

Monitoring Manu, mokomoko, weed density, pest animals present (chew cards) photo points, drone footage to indicate change over time. Cultural health inidicators.

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Bird counts.

1st week, place out chew cards and tracker tunnels. Photograph site from photo points.

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Manu, 5 min counts at the same time of day note weather, Kererū discovery.

Photograph site from photo points.

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Photograph site from photo points. Bird counts.

Place out chew cards and tracker tunnels.

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Photograph site from photo points.

Restoration mahi:

Piripi

Hōngoingoi

Here-turi-kōkā

Mahuru

Whiringa-ānuku

Whiring-ārangi

Hakihea

Kohitātea

Hui tanguru

Poutū te Rangi

Paengawhāwhā

Haratua

TAU TUATORU

Hotoke

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Raumati

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Ngahuru

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Walk over to reset work tasks.

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Reduce new weed spread. Clear Woolly nightshade, Privet.

Clear all remaining Woolly nightshade, Privet.

Maintenance of exisiting access paths. Empty barrels.

Walk over to reset work tasks.

Maintenance of exisiting access paths. Reduce initial wondrows.

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Animal Pests ongoing community pest control programme monitoring, trapping, baiting across. Aim to undertake pulse trapping for overall biodiversity gain, targeting control prior & over the bird breeding season. This pattern maybe adjusted following monitoring review.

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Set traps to be active last 3 weeks post monitoring for rats.

Set traps to be active for 2 weeks.

Set traps to be active for 4 weeks intensive for possums.

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Set traps to be active for 4 weeks.

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Set traps to be active for 4 weeks intensive for possums.

Set traps to be active for 2 weeks.

Site preparation pre planting

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1 week

Direct seeding species for second stage planting. All seed to be sourced from within the Rodney Ecological District. Processed for storage or sown fresh.

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Direct seeding 2nd half of the month, after full moon.

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Direct seeding 2nd half of the month after full moon.

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Planting / translocation enrichment planting

Cluster under canopy planting

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Planting infill.

Monitoring Manu, mokomoko, weed density, pest animals present (chew cards) photo points, drone footage to indicate change over time. Cultural Health indicators.

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Bird counts.

1st week, place out chew cards and tracker tunnels. Photograph site from photo points.

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Manu, 5 min counts at the same time of day note weather, Kererū discovery.

Photograph site from photo points.

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Photograph site from photo points. Bird counts.

Place out chew cards and tracker tunnels.

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Photograph site from photo points.

The community undertake pest control which is linked to the wider Pestfree Takarunga Hauraki initiative. The following has been supplied from the ‘From the trapping desk’ updates posted for the Pestfree Takarunga Hauraki initiative. Any work undertaken at Jutland Reserve should take into consideration and contribute to the wider initiative.

See right for maps showing existing pest control programme.

This map/plan is illuctrative only and all This map/plan is illustrative only and all information should be independently verified on site before taking any action. Copyright Auckland Council. Land Parcel Boundary information Copyright Reserved). Whilst due care has been taken, Auckland Council gives no warranty as to the accuracy and plan accepts no liability for any error, omission or use of the information. Height datum: Auckland 1946.

Auckland Council

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

Rats

From the ’Pest Animal Control Guideliens for the Auckland Region.
There are two main species of rat on the New Zealand mainland - the ship rat, able to climb trees and the Norway rat, usually found near water. Both species are rapid breeders. A typical rat will be 15 to 20 cm long with a further 20 cm of tail.

Ship rats are usually the most common rat species in Auckland forests. They come in several colours, usually black to light brown in colour with a lighter underside. In comparison to the Norway rat they are poorer swimmers, but more agile and better climbers.

Ships rats tend to be more nocturnal and Norway rats more diurnal.
Both species are omnivorous, with a preference for grains. In a suitable environment rats will breed throughout the year, with a female producing three to six litters of up to 10 young. Ship rats live for two to three years. Social groups of up to 60 can be formed.

In New Zealand, ship rats have an unusual distribution, in that they are found everywhere through native forests, scrub, and urban parklands. Ship rats are the most frequent predator of small forest birds, seeds, invertebrates, and perhaps lizards, in New Zealand forests, and are key ecosystem changers due to this predation.

How to tell the difference:

Ship rat (Rattus rattus)

Very long tail - in adult this is longer than the head and body length combined.

Very long thin ears - when you pull the ears forward they will generally cover the eyes of the rat.

Smaller of the two rats, weighing around 150 g .

Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Thick tail usually shorter than head and body length.

Small ears that can’t be pulled forward over the eyes.

Large, robust rat, weighing up to 500 g .

The type of rat present has implications for pest control projects. For example, having more ship rats around has implications for most tree-nesting birds including kereru and small birds. This is because they are more agile and better climbers.

Norway rats on the other hand are large and ground-dwelling, with potential impacts on ground nesting species. They also prefer wetland and other water habitats (sometimes called Water Rat). Norway rats have larger home ranges than ship rats ( 500 m vs 150 m average), which will dictate your layout of control tools if just targeting one species in your project area. In addition to their impacts on birds, rats also have impacts on invertebrates and lizards and can also limit seedling germination, by eating fruit, seeds and young plants. Rats have a relatively small home range (about 1ha for ship rats) and this combined with their rapid breeding means that reinvasion of rats in a controlled area is generally very rapid.

All rats eat a wide range of foods, are quick to find bait stations and communicate their location to

The lighter belly of a ship rat

Pelletised toxin typically looks like this and is blue / green

other rats. They are capable of detecting some poisons, especially cyanide and cholecalciferol, if not used appropriately. A dominant rat will protect a large food supply such as a station of baits, and if baits are not fixed in stations, rats may stockpile the baits in or on the ground, which means only a few rats will be taking most of your bait.

Control using toxin

Which toxin is best for your programme?

Toxins are an effective way to knock down and control rat populations. There are two main toxin types covered in this guide, first generation multi-feed and second generation single-feed. Deciding which toxin to use is determined by site characteristics and risk to non-target species. These two toxins are anticoagulants and work by stopping the blood from clotting, leading to haemorrhage. Both have antidotes (vitamin k1), which not all other toxins have.

Other toxins work in different ways. Cholecalciferol works by calcifying the blood and reducing the animal’s ability to filter it, leading to cardiac arrest. 1080 works by preventing cells from producing energy, resulting in either cardiac arrest, or respiratory failure.

Toxins come in both block and pellet forms. The form you use will determine which bait stations should be used (more on bait stations below).

Bromadilone and Diphacinone are the only toxins recommended for community group use on smaller Auckland Council Parks and Reserves. Community groups should get in contact with their Community Park Ranger.
For information on other toxins please contact the Auckland Council Biosecurity team.

When should you use the toxin?

For the maximum benefit to birdlife, rat control is best concentrated just before and during the bird breeding season, which for most species runs from August to about January. Rats are attracted to a range of food sources eating almost anything, but have the ability to become bait shy from a sublethal dose, degraded poison or continual baiting year-round by not pulsing.

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

What is pulsing?

To reduce the risk of rats becoming bait-shy or over-eating bait when the lethal dose has already been consumed; pulsing is the most efficient way for toxin use in pest animal control. Pulsing is important because whatever has eaten the bait in the first fill will have died by the second fill date of the pulse so control will be more effective. Rats can consume many times the lethal dose of anticoagulants in bait before death, wasting toxin.

Rodent single feed toxin example: Bromadiolone

For a second generation (single-feed) anti-coagulant toxin such as bromadiolone you only need to pulse it four times a year (August, November,January and April).

In this pulse you fill the bait station on day one, and refill on day five and day 14. Remove bait at the end of week four.

When ending the pulse make sure you remove all bait in stations and dispose of it correctly, degraded bait can make animals bait shy as it is not as attractive.

As it is a single-feed toxin, a lethal dose will be consumed during a single feed event.

The antidote is vitamin k 1 .

While bromadiolone is an effective toxin and is less labour intensive, it has a higher risk (than diphacinone) for accumulation of the toxin in the environment, and possible secondary poisoning, but less risk than brodifacoum.
Small parks and reserves:
Private property and large ✓ parks
Rodent multi- feed
/toxin example: Diphacinone

For a first generation toxin like diphacinone (which is a multi-feed anticoagulant toxin), you only need to pulse it four times a year (August, November, January and April).

In this pulse you fill the bait station on days one, three and five then refill on day 14 . If less than half the bait from the previous fill is present on the day 14 fill, consider filling again on day 17.
Remove bait at the end of week four.

When ending the pulse make sure you remove all bait in stations and dispose of it correctly. Degraded bait can make animals bait-shy as it is not as attractive.

As it is a multi-feed toxin it is very important that it is available for five consecutive nights for the rat to be able to consume a lethal dose.

This toxin is really only suitable to maintain low rat populations following a knockdown, and while it is more labour intensive, it has lower risks for accumulation in the soil and secondary poisoning than brodifacoum & bromadiolone.

The antidote is vitamin k1

Small parks and reserves. ✓
Private property and large
✓ parks

Diphacinone baiting programme for rats

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Month

Aupunt

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September

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October

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November

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Decermber

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January

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February

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March

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April

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Week

Buit Bill en danst bas

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Sairrettil dere 14817

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Remove

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Further toxin considerations:

There is a legal requirement that toxin is distributed in bait stations and not spread on the ground. Some toxins and methods of application other than in stations require a CSL, and approval from the local Medical Officer of Health.

Ensure appropriate signage is displayed at every normal entry point for the required period of time, and information correct (for parks and reserves contact your Community Park Ranger).

Always read a toxin’s label and Safety Data Sheet before distributing

Ensure stock (withholding for slaughter) and domestic animal precautions are followed. Grazing stock should not have access to bait.

Ensure you know the antidote and if you suspect poisoning in non-target animals or yourself contact your vet or doctor immediately.

What bait stations should I be using?

Bait stations provide protection to bait from rain and moisture, protect non-target species from accessing the bait and present the bait in a way that is attractive and effective for the target animal. Bait station recommendations are determined by site, risk to non-target species and whether they are on private or public property.

Small public parks and reserves

Lockable bait stations are the only stations permitted to ensure risks are managed to non-target species such as park users.

Access is only with a key and they are tamper-resistant for kids and dogs.

The bait is in block form, which is secured in the station via pins. This ensures the bait can only be consumed in the station and not removed and stored.

Bait in the form of Contrac (bromadiolone) and Ditrac (diphacinone) are recommended for use in these stations.

Private property and large parks

Depending on risks with non-target species both lockable and open-faced bait stations (as shown below) are recommended.

Bait in open faced stations is usually in pellet form, with the option in some stations for a pin fixture (Philproof bait stations). Bait fixed on pins means that the animal needs to eat the bait to remove it, ensuring control. Non-fixed baits may be stored instead of eaten (by rats in particular).

Tips for baiting stations:

Always wear gloves

Remove any degraded or old toxin before refilling the station

Ensure there is no toxin spilled on the ground outside the station

Pelleted bait should be in weighed plastic bags $(150 \mathrm{~g}, 200 \mathrm{~g}, 300 \mathrm{~g}$ etc depending on station capacity and your programme’s planned toxin use)

Ensure the bait station remains secured to its tree / platform (or pinned to the ground).

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

How many bait stations do I need?

With your bait station placing you should aim to have two per hectare for rats, to achieve effective control. Using the area under management as a guide you can work out the stations needed for effective control in your area, for example 20ha × two stations per hectare

=40

bait stations. See the guide to laying out bait stations below - note trap layout and location is site specific.

Bait station and trap layout

Ideally, trap lines should be 100 m apart. Along these trap lines, traps or bait stations should be 50 m apart where habitat allows (see examples below with red dots). Perimeter traps or bait stations should be 25 m apart. This will create a network of traps or bait stations.

It is important to consider the ease of checking and maintaining the equipment. Use existing tracks where possible.
When setting up bait stations or traps, look for evidence of rats being present i.e. fresh droppings, rub marks, gnawing, or feeding activity. Pick trap sites that are naturally attractive, such as near good food sources. Rats often nibble on seeds and fruits of native trees including nikau, karaka, taraire and kohekohe. Look out for fallen berries with the outer layer chewed away on the forest floor. Rats prefer areas with water and good food sources. Auckland forests with the large number of different types of fruiting native trees and numerous stream systems are ideal for rats.

Your bait station set-up will vary. Depending on the project goals, time and resources, a grid may not be an option. Use existing tracks in an area as a guide especially in parks and reserves.

Consider placing extra rat traps or bait stations where:

There is a particularly heavily fruiting tree that attracts rats, i.e. lots of rat gnawed berries nearby

You have observed nesting or breeding behaviour in a species you are trying to protect

There is a tree favoured by native birds, i.e. a taraire tree in which you often see kereru

There is a confluence where two streams intersect. Be sure to position traps and bait stations so that they are not easily accessible by children or stock, and that they are above high flood water marks. (Bait stations and traps should not be placed in water).

There should be at least one trap or bait station within each rat’s home range. Home ranges are generally reported by length. Ship rats have an average range length of

100-200 \mathrm{~m}

during the breeding season. Non-breeding ship rats have larger home ranges. Norway rat home ranges are between

218-916 \mathrm{~m}

in length.
At high rat densities, trap or bait station spacing may have to be reduced further to maximise

Above: A Protecta Ambush bait station

control. If you have a large quantity of traps or bait stations, it can help to number each one. This can help to reduce the risk of missing one during checking and allows capture data to be related to each site.

Above: Typical block baits- also blue or green

Trapping

In areas with high rat numbers, trapping may be time consuming, expensive and ineffective in actually reducing the rat population, despite plenty of rats being caught in traps. A toxin may have to be used first to reduce rat numbers. Trapping can then be used to keep rat numbers low.

Commonly used rat traps include the Snap-E and Victor snapback. Kill traps must be set in a tunnel or under a cover. Trapping should also be pulsed to target control prior & over the bird breeding season.

Rat trapping tips:

Traps need to be cleared regularly - a trap with a dead rat in it is not available to catch others.

Regular maintenance of traps is essential, including checking for worn pivots, weakened springs and broken trigger mechanisms.

Victor snapback traps require periodic retreating with preserving agent.

When checking Victor snapback traps the trapper should carry spare traps, treadles and pegs. Treadles may be lost when the traps are sprung.

Traps should be cleaned regularly with a wire brush - remove fur and remains of dead animals.

Rats are nervous creatures. Ensure rat tunnels have good clearance above the trap

There should be a 200 mm gap between the end of the rat tunnel and the trap treadle to avoid catching kiwi.

Ensure traps are stable and do not rock around as this will deter rats.

Traps can be deployed in lockable bait stations or tunnels. The tunnel has three functions:

orientate the animal relative to the trap,

disguise and protect the trap, and

keep out non-target species, such as kiwi.

Tunnels or covers should:

Be at least 500 mm long if accessible from both ends to prevent non-target animals accessing the trap

Have an entry hole of no more than $45 \mathrm{~mm} \times 45 \mathrm{~mm}$ to exclude non-target animals

Allow easy access for checking traps

Be able to be secured to the ground with wire to prevent traps being disturbed and removed by pigs and possums

Fully enclose the trap and be stable, so the trap cannot be dragged out of the cover

Keep the traps off the surface of the ground to keep the trap dryer, and extend the life of the trap.

Initially traps should be checked every one-two days. Once catch rate drops (after about 5-10 checks), traps only need to be checked once every two-three weeks. When rat numbers increase, the frequency at which traps are checked will also need to increase

Goodnature A24self-resetting rat trap

The Goodnature A24 rat (and stoat) trap is powered by a C02 gas canister and can reset itself up to 24 times. Long-life lures have been developed to accompany the trap and ensure rats remain attracted to the trap.
For more information visit: http://www.goodnature.co.nz/products/rat-stoat

Baits and lures

To attract rats into your traps, use highly palatable lures such as chunky peanut butter, peanut butter mixed with rolled oats and white chocolate. These lures have been proven to be very attractive to rats and are easy to use and cheap. Baits or lures may need to be altered over the duration of a control programme in order to attract rats with different preferences.
Always wear gloves when handling rats and rat traps as their urine carries the disease leptospirosis.

Limitations

Constant re-invasion and rapid breeding means effective long term control must be ongoing. Rat numbers are likely to return to pre-control densities within months after control stops.

A Goodnature A24 trap

Pig and possum interference with covers can be a problem.

Mouse numbers may increase after rat control.

A wooden tunnel box suitable for placing rat traps in.

Timing of rat control operations

Timing is critical and depends on what is being protected. For species protection, timing is dependent on when the species being protected is most vulnerable. For example, to protect native birds such as kereru or tomtits during the breeding season, rat numbers must be low while the birds are on the nest until the chicks fledge. This is usually from early spring to late summer, but the timing will differ between different species and different localities. To protect invertebrates and lizards, rats should be controlled year-round. Control should be pulsed.

Monitoring

To gauge the success of your rat control, use ‘tracking tunnels’ before and after the control program.

Record the number trapped or the amount of bait taken.
Observations of rat browse on native fruits such as kohekohe, karaka, taraire and tawa will help to determine if your native forest is recovering.

Regular bird counts can help to monitor bird populations over time. (See www.formak.co.nz for more information on monitoring methods).

Pulsing with traps

Trapping is through snap traps (T-Rex or similar) in lockable bait boxes on parks & reserves.

Trapping will be pulsed four times per year, with each pulse being six weeks long.

Traps should be checked every one-three days.

Small parks and reserves:
Private property and large parks:

Annual trapping programme for rats

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Month

August

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September

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October

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November

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December

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January

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February

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March

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April

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May

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Week

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Mangrove forest and scrub

Regional IUCN threat status: Least Concern*

This variable ecosystem occupies frost-free estuarine systems to mean low-water springs (within tidal estuaries, inlets, rivers and streams) and is associated with tides with salinity >5 per cent (Johnson & Gerbeaux 2004). Salinity may vary greatly depending on salt and freshwater input and dilution. Hypersaline conditions occur in areas where salt water may inundate depressions during high tides, then subsequently evaporates. Soils are sulphuric gley and recent gley, locally with shell and/or gravel barrier beaches (Molloy 1998).

There are seven variants:

SA1.1: A monoculture of sea grass occurring on low-lying mud or sandy silt flats where tidal inundation is longest.

SA1.2: Mangrove forest and scrub occurring in areas of frequent tidal inundation with abundant silt deposition, particularly near stream and river mouths.

SA1.3: Sea rush occurring in the upper estuarine zone where saltwater dilution is greatest. This generally

Whangapoua estuarine ecosystem in the foreground and the dunes of Whangapoua beach in the distance, Great Barrier Island. Alastair Jamieson.

merges upslope with oioi, locally swamp twig rush, and occasional salt marsh ribbonwood (Deng et al. 2004).

SA1.4: Herbfield of glasswort, sea primrose, half star, shore celery, arrow grass and sea blite occurring usually as a mosaic among sea rush, in depressions where salt water pools evaporate, creating hypersaline conditions.

SA1.5: Shell barrier beaches develop in some estuaries as long narrow ridges, which build up from wavedriven accumulations of dead mollusc shells and sand. Vegetation is often sparse, with scattered herbfield of glasswort, coastal needle grass, knobby clubrush, sea rush, sea primrose, bachelor’s button and sea blite, and on the highest ground, occasional oioi, salt-marsh ribbonwood and tauhinu (Ward 1967).

SA1.6: Scrub or low forest of salt-marsh ribbonwood, harakeke, coastal tree daisy and, locally, ngaio,
kōwhai, mānuka and cabbage trees on low mounds and estuarine margins.

SA1.7: Oioi-coastal needle grass on saline margins of lava flows (e.g. Anns Creek, Rangitoto Island).
*The regional threat status of individual variants has not been assessed, but it is worth noting that locally, this ecosystem may contain the historically rare ecosystems ‘Shell barrier beaches’ and ‘Estuaries’ (Williams et al. 2007), and other variants may be threatened.

Distribution: North of

38^{\circ} \mathrm{S}

latitude from Raglan and Ohiwa. In the Auckland region, widely distributed throughout the region’s harbours and estuaries. The best areas of sea grass occur in the Kaipara Harbour and the best shell barrier beaches in the Waitematā, Manukau and Kaipara Harbours along with Okura and Weiti estuaries.

Characteristic native flora: This ecosystem has at least seven species-poor but distinct communities along a zone of tidal inundation (as described above).

Characteristic native fauna:

Pre-human era: There is little information on what fauna might have formerly occurred in mangrove forest and scrub, However, this ecosystem, in addition to the native species we still see today, could have been used by a number of now-extinct birds that would have come from adjacent terrestrial habitats. These species could have included the stout-legged moa, adzebill and flightless goose, which occurred in coastal and open habitats (Tennyson & Martinson 2006), as well as swan, various ducks, rails, snipe and passerines. Insectivores could have included small rails, owls, whitehead, fernbird, fantail, grey warbler, saddleback and bats.

Present: This ecosystem, which contains a mosaic of different habitats, supports a wide range of bird species, including shags, herons, spoonbill, waterfowl, banded rail, marsh crake, pūkeko, migratory and New Zealand-resident shorebirds and kingfisher, which feed primarily on fish and invertebrates. Native and introduced passerines are also present, such as fernbird, fantail, grey warbler, silvereye, blackbird and finches.

Key processes and interactions: This ecosystem contains up to seven distinct communities, largely related to the duration of tidal inundation, elevation and salinity (Ward 1967; Deng et al. 2004). Sea grass within estuaries is important for capturing and stabilising sediment, buffering the estuarine environment from wave damage, nutrient cycling and increasing productivity. It provides foraging habitats for swans and a wide range of non-migratory and migratory wading birds, and is a nursery for various species of fish (Turner & Schwarz 2006).

Threats: The major threats to this ecosystem are primarily abiotic and include eutrophication and increased sedimentation rates as a result of changing land use in surrounding catchments. Increased sedimentation has resulted in a decline of sea grass and caused an expansion of mangrove communities. Pollution and reclamation also threaten this ecosystem near urban areas and farmland, often leading to a proliferation of marine algae such as sea lettuce. While reclamation is less extensive than in the past, direct mangrove clearance near urban communities is an increasing threat. Stock grazing and trampling, especially by cattle, are major threats where unfenced farmland adjoins this ecosystem. The halophytic conditions mean there are few invasive weeds; however, several salt-tolerant grasses (e.g. sickle grass, cordgrass, saltwater paspalum and sea couch) can over-top and displace indigenous salt-marsh vegetation and wading-bird habitat (Partridge 1987; Shaw & Allen 2003). Invasive introduced invertebrates such as the Pacific oyster have also become abundant, growing on mangrove trunks and pneumatophores, as well as open areas of mudflats.

This coastal broadleaved forest ecosystem occurs in parts of the coastal zone exposed to winds and salt spray, predominantly within

600-800 \mathrm{~m}

of the shore; though extending further inland in exposed locations, on larger inshore islands and on recent volcanic surfaces. It is found on a wide range of landforms and soils of moderate fertility, including allophanic, brown, granular, recent and ultic soils (Molloy 1998).

Distribution: In frost-free areas from the Three Kings Islands and Te Paki south to Mahia and New Plymouth, with outliers around some central North Island lakes. The southern boundary conforms with the southern limits of pūriri, aligning approximately to the thermic soil temperature zone (Molloy 1998). In the Auckland region, although much reduced from its original extent, remnants of this forest type are scattered along the coastline, with some of the best examples in coastal parts of the Waitākere Ranges and on Great Barrier Island.

Characteristic native flora: Broadleaved species dominate this forest, with pōhutukawa, pūriri and kohekohe most common and, locally, taraire, karaka, tawa, tītoki, mangeao, rewarewa, puka, tawāpou, ngaio and nīkau. Kauri, kōwhai species, pōhutukawa and kānuka may be present on dry ridges as well as locally, tānekaha and hard beech (McKelvey & Nicholls 1959; Nicholls 1976; Esler 1983; Conning 2001). On some northern offshore islands, especially the Three Kings, there are local endemic species and varieties.

Auckland’s remaining examples are often dominated by pōhutukawa, pūriri and taraire. In some places taraire almost completely dominates the forest canopy. Sheltered coastal locations within estuaries or the upper reaches of harbours are often less dominated by pōhutukawa, with pūriri, kōwhai and kohekohe more common. Seabirds are a feature, though they are now largely restricted to

## WF4

Pōhutukawa, pūririri, broadleaved forest
[Coastal broadleaved forest]
predator-free islands. On fresh volcanic surfaces at Rangitoto Island, younger successional variants (VS1), currently dominated by pōhutukawa, are developing slowly towards this ecosystem type.

Characteristic native fauna:
Pre-human era: Pōhutukawa, pūriri, broadleaved forest would have supported a diverse range of invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds and bats (Atkinson & Millener 1991; Worthy & Holdaway 2002). Forest productivity would have been enhanced by the nutrients brought ashore by burrowing and surface-nesting seabirds (Atkinson & Millener 1991; Smith et al. 2011). On the mainland, several species of forest moa would have browsed leaves and twigs and eaten fallen fruits, while nectarfeeding reptiles and birds would have benefited from an almost year-round food supply (Whitaker 1987; Clout & Hay 1989; Kelly et al. 2010). Adzebill and brown and little spotted kiwi were probably present, along with forest-inhabiting ducks, raptors, snipe and flightless rails (Atkinson & Millener 1991; Worthy & Holdaway 2002; Holdaway et al. 2013).
Large-fruited trees, such as pūriri, karaka, tawa, taraire, tawāpou and kohekohe, would have attracted frugivorous species, such as kākāpō, kākā, kererū, huia, saddleback, kōkako and piopio. Insectivores would have included tuatara, skinks, geckos, small rails, snipe, owls, owlet-nightjar, wrens, robin, tomtit, whitehead, fantail, grey warbler, saddleback, huia, piopio and bats (Atkinson & Millener 1991; Worthy & Holdaway 2002).

Present: These forests are an important habitat for kererū, which may rely on good quantities of fruit to breed (Pierce & Graham 1995), while geckos, kākā, tūī and bellbird take abundant nectar in season (Whitaker 1987; Clout & Hay 1989; Anderson 2003; Kelly et al. 2010). Pōhutukawa, pūriri, broadleaved forests support the more common native bush birds, e.g. morepork, kingfisher, shining cuckoo, fantail, grey warbler, tū̄ī and silvereye. Others, such as kākā, kākāriki species, long-tailed cuckoo, rifleman, whitehead, robin, tomtit, hihi, bellbird, saddleback and kōkako, still occur only on larger pest-free

The saddleback/tieke thrives in pest-free coastal forests where there are plenty of natural nesting and roosting cavities and where its favoured foods, invertebrates, fruits and nectar are plentiful. Martin Sanders.

islands or within some mainland sanctuaries. Tree cavities in species such as pūriri and pōhutukawa, in places free of mammalian predators, provide shelter, roosting and nesting sites for geckos, kākā, kākāriki, hihi, saddleback and bats. Introduced birds include rosella, dunnock, blackbird and chaffinch.

Key processes and interactions: This ecosystem is largely dependent on a warm coastal climate. Most dominant species (e.g. pūriri and kohekohe) have shade-tolerant seedlings and readily regenerate beneath the forest canopy. Others (e.g. pōhutukawa), require high light conditions and regeneration is prompted by disturbance.

Most canopy species rely on birds for pollination and/or seed dispersal. Before human settlement, nesting seabirds would have been a common component of the ecosystem and would have been important for enhancing soil fertility, productivity and regeneration (Bellingham et al. 2010).

Threats: This type of forest was severely reduced in extent by human settlement, first Māori and later European, with a large proportion burnt and cleared for agriculture or timber. Many remaining examples are small and continue to suffer through fragmentation. On the mainland, there are a few examples with high ecological integrity,
while others are reverting to something like their former composition (e.g. Waitākere coast). The best remaining examples occur on the northern offshore islands, many of which are managed nature reserves free of mammalian pests.
Animal pests and a wide range of weeds are significant threats. Many common canopy species (e.g. pōhutukawa and kohekohe) are highly palatable to possums and ungulates. High numbers of pests can result in canopy collapse and dominant species such as pūriri, pōhutukawa and kohekohe may fail to regenerate. Predators, especially rats, can be very abundant and they have decimated or eliminated some invertebrate, reptile and bird species.
The proximity of remaining examples to settlements means that invasive weeds are diverse and common, although the dense structure of intact examples of this ecosystem can provide some resistance to weed invasion (Sullivan et al. 2005). Often, merely being fragmented and regenerating makes this ecosystem type more vulnerable to weed invasion. As with other coastal ecosystems in the Auckland region, sea level rise resulting from anthropogenic climate change may threaten this ecosystem with increased erosion and possible inundation.

\nabla

APPENDIX 3: SITE ASSESSMENT TEMPLATE

Project name	ㅤ	ㅤ	Date surveyed	ㅤ	ㅤ	Iwi/ Hapu
Site name	ㅤ	ㅤ	Time frame	ㅤ	ㅤ	Ecological District
Site number	ㅤ	ㅤ	Location	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Native plants present	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Ingoa	Coverage	Maturity	Regenerating	Phenology	Photo taken	ㅤ
e.g Püriri	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
ㅤ	ㅤ	method	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Manu	ㅤ	sighted / heard/ sign	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Moko	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Insects	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Pests	sighted/ sign of	density	frequency	issues	initial recommendations	photos taken
Weeds	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Eleagnus	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Gorse	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Pampas	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Pest Animals	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Rabbits	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Rats	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Cats	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
Wai	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
tests undertaken for	Clarity - sight	smell	taste	swimable	accessable	ㅤ
method used	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ
date , time	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ	ㅤ

References:

Auckland Council. AR & Associates Ltd (2016) ‘Shoal and Ngataringa Bay Coastal Fringe- Ecological and Restoration Overview.’
Auckland Council. 2020 GeoMaps mapping Service. Retrieved from: < https://aucklandcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index. html?id=01eb57408000447fa2d5dd2776ee472d>

Indigenous Terrestrial and Wetland Ecosystems of Auckland. Auckland Council (2017).
Retrieved from: https://knowledgeauckland.org.nz/media/1399/indigenous-terrestrial-and-wetland-ecosystems-of-auckland-web-print-mar-2017.pdf

Auckland Council Pest Animal Control Guide (2016) : rat section.
Auckland Council. Potential ecosystems extent map. Retrieved from : https://geomapspublic.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/viewer/index.html
Auckland Council Maps:Tiaki Tāmaki Makaurau Significant ecological areas map Retrieved from : <https://aucklandcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/ apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=01eb57408000447fa2d5dd2776ee472d>

Auckland Council. Significant ecosystems map Retrieved from : https://aucklandcouncil.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index. html?id=01eb57408000447fa2d5dd2776ee472d

Jutland Reserve plan 12_01_23_converted - Compressed

Ngā take

Contents

IWI & COMMUNITY CONTEXT

ECOLOGICAL OVERVIEW

WF4

SA1.2

SA1.5

RESTORATION GOALS

RESTORATION MANAGEMENT AREAS

1. Lower salt marsh to mānawa zone

2. Lower bank to waters edge.

3. Jutland area- upper bank to top edge.

4. Community planted area

5. Top path behind houses.

6. Marsden Street Gully

7. Marsden to Francis Street block.

Ki Uta Ki Tai

Maramataka

Restoration

Connectivity

Sustainable Best Practice

Health and Safety

Site Planning

Site Plan

Pathways, Access and Movement

Site Preparation

Revegetation

Planting

Connectivity

Plant Selection

Selection criteria include:

Nurseries - Plant supply

Plant placement

Plant feeding

Site Aftercare and Maintenance

Direct Seeding

Useful links:

WEED MANAGEMENT A weed is a plant growing where it is not wanted

Soil and erosion

Pest Control

Weeds Management

Weeds - impact

Types of weeds

Sleeper weeds

Weed Management Methodology

WEED MANAGEMENT

Manual weed control

Living Mulch

Windrows

Organic Mulch

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Coordination of monitoring programmes

Monitoring: Terrestrial Biodiversity

Manu - Birds

Mokomoko - Lizards

Pekapeka - Bats

Monitoring: Plant Establishment

Record:

Monitoring: Tangata

Monitoring: Āta mātakitaki

Monitoring: Pests

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

Rats

How to tell the difference:

Control using toxin

Which toxin is best for your programme?

When should you use the toxin?

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

What is pulsing?

Rodent single feed toxin example: Bromadiolone

Further toxin considerations:

What bait stations should I be using?

Small public parks and reserves

Private property and large parks

Tips for baiting stations:

ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

How many bait stations do I need?

Bait station and trap layout

Trapping